Six Battle of Britain veterans standing near Westminster Abbey's high altar

Honouring ‘The Few’: Westminster Abbey and the Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain – a 112-day fight for control of Britain’s skies – was the first decisive battle in history fought entirely in the air, and one which proved to be a dramatic turning point in the Second World War.

8 minute read

The German objective in the summer of 1940 was to eliminate the Royal Air Force, both in the air and on the ground, in order to obtain air superiority in preparation for a potential invasion. Operating principally from airfields in France and Belgium, the Luftwaffe began their first heavy onslaught early in July 1940, directed against British shipping and the Channel ports. The intent behind this first phase of the battle was not only to sink shipping but also to draw the Royal Air Force into combat and wear down its strength. The second phase, from 8th to 18th August, consisted of intensive day operations against coastal radar stations and fighter airfields. The third phase began after a five-day lull due to poor weather, with attacks on fighter airfields in the London area and increased night attacks on Britain’s cities.

Air supremacy

Supermarine Spitfire Mark 1s of No. 610 Squadron, based at Biggin Hill, flying in 'vic' formation, 24th July 1940

Image: Imperial War Museum/Wikimedia Commons

The first daylight assault on London was made on 7th September and marked the beginning of the fourth phase, lasting most of that month, during which the capital became the Luftwaffe’s primary target. These attacks, although serious in themselves, brought vital relief to the fighter airfields, which until that time had been under considerable pressure. The Battle reached a climax on 15th September, when the Luftwaffe flew more than 1,000 sorties over England during daylight hours. On that occasion, the Luftwaffe lost 56 aircraft. Throughout October, the fifth and final phase of the Battle saw the decline of enemy daylight attacks on London and an increase in the night bombing of Britain’s major ports and industrial centres.

Fighter Command

The CO of No. 85 Squadron, Sqn Ldr Peter Townsend, jumps down from Hurricane Mk I P3166 VY-Q while being refuelled at Castle Camps, July 1940

Image: Imperial War Museum/Wikimedia Commons

‘Undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge’

At the beginning of the struggle the Luftwaffe had approximately 2,700 aircraft to launch against England. Britain had fewer than 60 fighter squadrons – around 700 aircraft – and the groundcrew had to work sometimes 16 hours a day to keep aircraft in the air. Fighter Command lost over 1,000 aircraft during the Battle and the Luftwaffe nearly 1,900. Through the efforts of fewer than 3,000 aircrew from Britain, the Commonwealth, and Allied nations, many firmly under Nazi control, along with some from neutral countries, together with the men and women who supported them from the ground, Hitler’s Third Reich suffered its first significant strategic defeat.

Allied forces

Pilots of No. 310 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF and their British flight commanders grouped in front of Hawker Hurricane Mark I, P3143 'NN-D', at Duxford, Cambridgeshire

Image: Imperial War Museum/Wikimedia Commons

In all 544 aircrew from Fighter Command were killed during the Battle, and a further 791 died before the end of the War. The cost was grievous but the stakes immeasurably high. The campaign was, in Sir Winston Churchill’s words: ‘One of the decisive battles of the war.’ In a speech that has gone down in history Churchill went on to say: ‘The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world… goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of world war by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.’

The Battle drew to a close with the onset of winter and the Luftwaffe used the longer nights to mount its night-time Blitz which lasted until May of the following year, when Hitler turned eastwards to attack the Soviet Union. With the home base now reasonably secure, the Royal Air Force could turn to wider tasks: including the long fight for Malta, North Africa, and control of the Mediterranean; the mounting bomber offensive against Germany; the struggle for air supremacy over North-West Europe without which the Normandy Invasion would have been impossible; and support of the invasion and liberation campaign itself. Without these essential contributions, victory in Europe would not have been possible.

Remembering the sacrifice

Westminster Abbey has played a central role in remembering the sacrifice of those who fought in the battle, holding a service of thanksgiving and rededication on Battle of Britain Sunday every year since 1944.

Annual service

HRH The Prince of Wales arrives for the 75th anniversary service in 2015

Often held in the presence of a senior member of the Royal Family, the service is attended by representatives of the government and the RAF alongside veterans and their families, and is an annual opportunity to remember the heroism of the young pilots and aircrew of the RAF, many of them in their teens, who defended Britain’s skies. The service includes an Act of Rededication ‘to building a world where there is justice and peace for all, and where women, men and children live a life of full human dignity.’

Veteran honoured

Wing Commander Paul Farnes, one of the last surviving veterans from the Battle of Britain, is applauded by members of the congregation as he leaves the Abbey at the end of the 2018 service

The 2015 service was particularly poignant marking as it did the 75th anniversary of the Battle. At the start of the service, the Prince of Wales laid a wreath at the memorial to Sir Winston Churchill in the nave, marking 50 years since the stone to the wartime Prime Minister was unveiled by Her Majesty The Queen at the Battle of Britain service in 1965.

Tribute

The Prince of Wales lays a wreath, accompanied by the then Dean of Westminster, John Hall, and Churchill’s grandson, Sir Nicholas Soames

Afterwards, aircraft from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight – including four Spitfires and two Hurricanes – took part in a flypast over the Abbey, watched by hundreds of veterans, serving military personnel and their families.

.@RAFBBMF flypast, led by @Dunc_Mason, marks #BoB75 service, with two Hurricanes and four Spitfires over @wabbey pic.twitter.com/dyAXC6t1xZ
— Royal Air Force (@RoyalAirForce) September 20, 2015

A permanent memorial

In 1947, a chapel at the east end of the Abbey was dedicated to the men of the Royal Air Force who lost their lives in the Battle. The idea of a permanent memorial had been suggested to the Dean of Westminster, the Right Reverend Paul de Labilliere, by Mr N. Viner-Brady in 1943, and he chose this small chapel as one suitable for the purpose. Lord Trenchard (Marshal of the RAF) and Lord Dowding (Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of RAF Fighter Command in 1940) headed a committee to raise funds for the furnishing of the chapel.

A place to remember

The RAF Chapel at the eastern end of the Abbey’s magnificent Lady Chapel

The chapel was dedicated at a service on 10th July 1947 attended by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by Queen Mary and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. Standing at the entrance to the chapel, the King asked Alan Campbell Don, Paul de Labilliere’s successor as Dean:

With proud thanksgiving we ordain that this chapel be set apart for all time as a memorial of the men of the flying forces who gave their lives in the Battle of Britain, and we charge you, Mr Dean, to dedicate it and the gifts wherewith it is adorned to the worship of Almighty God

Read more in the full order of service from 1947.

Royal tribute

The King and Queen and members of the Royal Family at the dedication of the RAF Chapel in the Abbey in 1947

Image: Crown Copyright, Air Historical Branch

The chapel’s magnificent stained glass window, designed by Hugh Easton, contains the badges of all the fighter squadrons that took part in the Battle. In the central section are the Royal Arms, the badge of the Fleet Air Arm and the badge and motto of the RAF, ‘Per Ardua ad Astra’ (Through struggle to the Stars), together with the furled flags of New Zealand, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Belgium, and the United States of America, acknowledging the vital contribution of these nations to the victory.

Stained glass

Badges of fighter squadrons in the central sections of the memorial window, flanked by four visions symbolising the Redemption

In two of the bottom panels are words from Shakespeare's Henry V: ‘We few, we happy few, we band of brothers’. Painted on the stonework below the glass are the names of six RAF war leaders. The ashes of both Trenchard and Dowding are buried in the chapel.

Band of brothers

The lower panels of the memorial window

A Roll of Honour, kept in the chapel, contains the names of 1,497 pilots and aircrew killed or mortally wounded during the Battle, of which 449 were in Fighter Command (whom the window specially commemorates), 732 in Bomber Command, 268 in Coastal Command, 14 in other RAF commands and 34 in the Fleet Air Arm.

The fallen

The Battle of Britain roll of honour which was illuminated by Daisy Alcock and given by Captain Bruce Ingram

The names include those of 47 Canadians, 47 New Zealanders, 35 Poles, 24 Australians, 20 Czechoslovaks, 17 South Africans, 6 Belgians and one American, as well as those from the United Kingdom and Colonies.

Proud tradition

The roll of honour is processed through the Abbey at the annual service in 2013

Every year at the Battle of Britain Sunday service, the roll of honour is borne through the Abbey by a serving RAF pilot, accompanied by sons and grandsons of veterans, and placed on the High Altar – a fitting tribute to all those who took part in the Battle and without whose extraordinary efforts it is difficult to see how the Second World War could have been won.

Acknowledgements: This article includes extracts from the historical note for the Abbey’s annual Service of Thanksgiving and Rededication on Battle of Britain Sunday, by Sebastian Fox, Air Historical Branch (RAF).

I’ve worked here for over thirty years and have seen many of the major services - it’s strange to realise that you are in a small way part of history.

Pamela - Rector's Secretary

Honouring ‘The Few’: Westminster Abbey and the Battle of Britain

Air supremacy

Fighter Command

‘Undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge’

Allied forces

Remembering the sacrifice

Annual service

Veteran honoured

Tribute

A permanent memorial

A place to remember

Royal tribute

Stained glass

Band of brothers

The fallen

Proud tradition

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Honouring ‘The Few’: Westminster Abbey and the Battle of Britain

Air supremacy

Fighter Command

‘Undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge’

Allied forces

Remembering the sacrifice

Annual service

Veteran honoured

Tribute

A permanent memorial

A place to remember

Royal tribute

Stained glass

Band of brothers

The fallen

Proud tradition